Programming Languages

Programming Languages reviewed. See also Languages ToDo.

Paradigm-categories:

Actor - The term for a paradigm of programming which models computations with concurrent (possibly transparently-distributed) entities, the Actors, that communicate with asynchronous messages; Actors may update their behaviour depending on the messages they receive
Collection-Oriented - aka data parallel: the term for a paradigm of programming that involves operations on entire collections and avoids loops
concatenative - The term for a sub-paradigm of programming in which function composition is rendered syntactically as concatenation (composition, juxtaposition) of symbols by means of a composition operator, usually rendered as a blank space
Concurrency-Oriented - A term describing a programming language paradigm where independent parts of the problem can be represented as independent computations
Constraints - The term for a paradigm related to logic or declarative programming, where information is specified as a constraint on the result, and the evaluator's task is to use this information to limit the search space that some base set of algorithms would ordinarily have traversed to find the answer
Declarative - The term for a paradigm of programming where the specification allows for a great deal of freedom in acheiving results as specified; we say that a declarative program specifies the "what" of the result, but not the "how"; programming languages which encourage this style of programming are termed declarative, and specifically include the logic and functional paradigms, to varying degrees
Functional - The term for a paradigm of programming that originates in the early works about lambda calculus: computations consist in evaluating/expanding structured expressions, rather than executing instructions, as with imperative programming
Imperative - The term for a paradigm of programming that involves (mostly unconstrained) update of the state of a machine through direct instructions
Logic - The term for a paradigm of programming that originates in the Curry-Howard Isomorphism, which relates types and proofs to terms and expressions
Object-Oriented - A paradigm of programming
prototype-based - A term describing an object-oriented sub-paradigm, which contrast class-based
Relational - The term for a paradigm of programming where relationships between objects are formalized as Relation objects

There is the nearly-separate topic of domain-specific languages, and that of combining languages.

Language Indices:

Critiques:

The weblog LtU, an interesting place for those interested in programming languages.
From MIT.
An essay on the growing importance of scripting languages, by the creator of TCL.
Add more here.

Language Implementation Issues

Research:

Mark Leone's great pages on programming language research with a bibliography.
Computer Science Bibliography Collection.
The Reinventing Computing project.
Publications at Rice.
Luca Cardelli's work.
ALI Home Page, Architecture & Language Implementation.
Readscheme.org Functional Programming Resources.

Histories:

The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages, an interactive historical roster of computer languages by Diarmuid Pigott: .. It consists of a 7818-strong database of languages, complete with 16335 bibliographic records, as well as links, reviews, samples and commentary where possible. .. (2004-10-01).

All languages:

Whitespace - An obfuscation programming language with only a few operations that uses whitespace characters for its set of expressions
3d-visulan - 3d-visulan is a 3D programming language
4dl - 4dl is a programming language
`c - aka tick C, a programming language, is an ANSI C extension for run-time code generation
A+ - A collection-oriented programming language, dialect of APL
Aardappel - A programming language created by Wouter van Oortmerssen which explores the idea of concurrent tree space transformation, a kind of rewriting linear logic
ABCL - ABCL (An object-Based Concurrent Language) is a family of programming languages developed by A. Yonezawa and his lab for "object-oriented concurrent programming"
Ada - A programming language
Agora - A prototype-based object-oriented programming language à la Self that is used to explore reflective features (notably mixins)
AKL - AGENTS Kernel Language, a concurrent constraints programming language
AL - The Animation Language, a programming language (an extension of Scheme) for 3D modeling and animation
Alan - Adventure LANguage system, an authoring/programming language for writing text adventures
Aldor - From its home-page:
Aleph - A multi-threaded functional programming language with OOP and dynamic symbol binding support
ALF - A programming language which combines functional and logic techniques
Algae - A programming language for numerical analysis
Algol - An early procedural programming language whose lexical scoping and structured programming style and syntax have been inherited by nearly every procedural language in existence
Alice - A functional programming language extended from Standard ML with support for concurrent, distributed, and constraints programming
Alma - A strongly-typed imperative programming language with constraints and quantifiers
Amiga E - An object-oriented/procedural/unpure functional/whatever programming language with quite a popular implementation on the AmigaOS
AML - Array Manipulation Language (AML), an algebra for multidimensional array data which is useful in designing array-oriented (collection-oriented) operators in programming languages
APL - A collection-oriented programming language
Argh! - Argh! is a esoteric programming language
ASF+SDF - The ASF+SDF project is now ASF+SDF Meta-Environment or simply the Meta-Environment
AspectJ - The original "deployment" of aspect-oriented programming for an existing programming language, Java, using specialized extensions to Java's syntax, by the original experimenters who worked in Lisp
Awk - From its FAQ:
Axiom - A general purpose Computer Algebra system useful for research and development of mathematical algorithms; it defines a strongly typed, mathematically correct type hierarchy; it has a programming language and a built-in compiler
BASIC - A Programming Language designed at Dartmouth College in 1964 to teach introductory programming
Befreak - Befreak is a two-dimensional reversible programming language
Beta - An OO programming language from those who invented Simula
Better Scheme - A programming language dialect of the Scheme (still within the Lisp family of course), by Jeffery Walker, that better supports a functional nature, is more consistent and optimizable
bigwig - A programming language for developing interactive Web services
Bla - A functional programming language with first-class environments
BOBJ - An algebraic specification and programming language member of the
Boo - Boo is a OO statically typed programming language for the Common Language Infrastructure with a python inspired syntax
Brain - A purely object-oriented prototype-based programming language
C language - The most common modern systems programming language to date, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie (K&R); also the topic for the C language family
C# - Pronounced "C-Sharp", this is Microsoft's statically-typed C language family member intended to be an "evolution of C and C++" which Microsoft says is "simple, modern, type safe, and object-oriented
C++ - C++ is an attempt to turn the C language into a high level, object-oriented programming language
C-- - A portable assembly programming language, hence also a concrete VM; it is significant in being a variant of the C language that is much easier to generate code for, but it is not a sub or superset of C, however
CafeOBJ - The nearly immediate ancestor of Maude in the OBJ Family, a rewriting
CAL - CAL is a dataflow actor programming language
Cayenne - A variant of the Haskell lazy functional programming language with dependent types
Cecil - A prototype-based object-oriented programming language developed at the University of Washington
Cedar - Developed at Xerox PARC labs, the programming language Cedar was a superset of Mesa, adding garbage collection, dynamic types and a universal pointer type
Cel - An object-oriented prototype-based programming language based on Self and Smalltalk
Charity - A lazy higher-order functional programming language based on the concepts of category theory
Claire - A multi-paradigm programming language, supporting logic, functional, imperative, object-oriented and collection-oriented (set-based) programming styles, with few simple and well-understood concepts, such as objects, functions, rules and versioning for building search trees
Clarity - A functional schematic programming language made for research into generating programs from diagram representations
Clean - A general-purpose, concurrent, higher-order, pure and lazy functional programming language for the development of sequential, parallel and distributed real world applications
CLIPS - An acronym for C Language Integrated Production System; a programming language and an environment to development expert systems with three different programming paradigms: rule-based (declarative), object-oriented and procedural (imperative)
CLOS - The Common Lisp Object System, an object-oriented programming language embedded in and somewhat integrated into Common Lisp
Cobol - An acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, a very old programming language
Coconut - Coconut is COde CONstructing User Tool, a new declarative programming language, for writing real-time imaging software for MRI
Common Lisp - A very powerful but somewhat messy dialect of the Lisp programming language
Confluence - A programming language for synchronous reactive system design which combines the component-based methodologies of Verilog and VHDL with the expressiveness of higher-order functional programming; it can generate digital logic for an FPGA or ASIC platform, or C code for hard real-time software
Coq - An higher-order proof system based on the Curry-Howard isomorphism between propositions and types, proofs and terms in a pure functional programming language: a functional term is a proof of its type's realizability
CRML - A compile-time relfective variant of the ML programming language published here
Cryptol - A programming language (specifically a DSL, apparently on top of Haskell) for cryptographic applications, currently developed by Galois Connections
Curry - A functional logic programming language with many implementations
Cw - Cw aka C-omega, is Microsoft Research's experimental programming language featuring asynchronous concurrency (formerly, Polyphonic C#) and XML data types (Xen)
Cyclone - Cyclone is a programming language, a Safe Dialect of the C language
D - A programming language of the C language family, successor to C Language and C++
Demeter - Another (like AspectJ) extension of the Java programming language to support aspect-oriented programming and "adaptive" programming
DHARMI - High level spatial, tinker-toy like programming language who's components are transparently administered by a background process called the Habitat
DML - An acronym for Dependent ML, a conservative extension of the functional programming language ML with a type system enriched with a restricted form of dependent types
Domain-Specific Language - The term for a programming language designed for a special purpose, usually within some commercial field of application, although such a language can be made for practically any domain
Dreme - A distributed dialect of the Scheme programming language, described in Dreme: for Life in the Net
Dylan - An object-oriented DYnamic LANguage, that aims at being compiled as efficiently as statically-compiled programming languages, while providing an unequaled development environment
Dynamo - A logic programming language based on dynamic predicate logic
E - An object-oriented programming language that takes a Java-like syntax and builds a pervasively capability-based protection system with eventual message-sending and transparent distribution of objects
Eden - A parallel functional programming language
Eidola - From its home page (see below):
Eiffel - Eiffel is a programming language created by Bertrand Meyer to be object-oriented; it introduced the now semi-popular idea of "Design By Contract", where the semantics of a method are declared to fulfill certain constraints if certain constraints are met by the method caller
Elegant - An acronym for Exploiting Lazy Evaluation for the Grammar Attributes of Non-Terminals, a full imperative programming language by Philips Research, which has been inspired by abstraction mechanisms found in modern functional languages, started as a compiler generator based on attributed grammars
Ellie - A fine-grained object-oriented distributed programming language that abstracts inheritance, object-creation, and invocation into one mechanism
Epigram - A functional programming language with Dependent Types
Erlang - Erlang is a distributed, fault-tolerant, concurrent functional programming language developed by Ericsson
Escher - "Escher is a declarative, general-purpose programming language which integrates the best features of both functional and logic programming languages
EuLisp - (European Lisp), is a modern object-oriented dialect of the Lisp programming language whose design is less minimalist than that of Scheme but less constrained by compatibility reasons than Common Lisp
Euphoria - The main page of http://www.rapideuphoria.com states that Euphoria is "a programming language that's powerful, easy to learn, and a lot more fun than other languages
Factor - A concatenative programming language
FALCON - Fast Array Language COmputatioN, a collection-oriented programming language
False - A very cryptic but very pure Forth type programming language by Wouter van Oortmerssen with anonymous function blocks
FDScript - "FramerD script", a lightweight dialect of the Scheme programming language at http://www.framerd.org with linear continuations, distributed computation, Unicode support, and non-hygienic macros
Felix - A higher-order functional programming language, written in Ocaml, which compiles to and integrates with (embeds in) C++
FISh - Its name cames from a slogan: Functional = Imperative + Shape
Flua - Flua is an experimental Forth-like programming language, built on top of Lua, C language, and Nasm, at http://angg.twu.net/flua/
Forth - A low-level functional programming language, mostly concatenative, with imperative features, for a stack-based VM model, invented by Chuck Moore
Fortran - One of the first programming languages
FreshML - A variant of the ML functional programming language which adds a metaprogramming facility related to higher-order abstract syntax
fx - A family of programming languages (FX-87 FX-91 uFX) based on Scheme
fxm - FiXMe, an implementation of an anonymous programming language close to BCPL with a simple functional core isomorphic to Scheme
GDL - GNU Data Language a free incremental compiler compatible with the IDL (Interactive Data Language) programming language
Gema - A general purpose macroprocessor programming language
Glee - From its home page (see below):
Godiva - An acronym for GOal-DIrected jaVA, a programming language which extends Java whith additional built-in data types, higher level (collection-oriented) operators, goal-directed expression evaluation (as in Icon), and pattern-matching on strings
Goedel - From its home page (see below):
Gont - From its home page (see below):
Goo - A newer dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages
Groovy - Groovy is an agile programming language
Guile - The GNU project's Scheme-like embeddable extension programming language dialect of Lisp
Hardware description language - In electronics, a HDL (an acronym for hardware description language) is any language from a class of computer languages for formal description of electronic circuits
Haskell - Haskell is the reference among pure lazy functional programming languages
Hermes - A programming language for the construction of highly reliable, large-scale distributed systems; one of the first secure, imperative languages, it features threads, relational tables, typestate checking, capability-based access, dynamic configuration: … Hermes uses typestate in a powerful way that eliminates the need for garbage collection
Heron - An imperative programming language
Hobbit - An object-oriented and functional programming language extensible and feature rich
Hume - (Higher-order Unified Meta-Environment) is a strongly typed, mostly-functional programming language with an integrated tool set for developing, proving and assessing concurrent, safety-critical systems
Icon - A high-level, general-purpose, imperative programming language with backtracking and many features for processing data structures and character strings
Io - A small prototype-based object-oriented programming language, mostly inspired by Smalltalk (all values are objects), Self, NewtonScript and Act1 (prototype-based differential inheritance, actors and futures for concurrency), Lisp (code is a runtime inspectable/modifiable tree) and Lua (small, embeddable)
J - A propretary collection-oriented programming language descendent of APL
Janus - A concurrent constraints programming language
Java - Java is a strongly- and statically-typed procedural, garbage-collected object-oriented programming language with syntax like that of the C language released by Sun Microsystems as a platform for hardware-independent applications, but only in a very limited sense
JoCaml - A functional programming language in the ML family of dialects that supports the Join Calculus
Jolt - Jolt is a programming language
Joy - A programming language based on functional semantics using concatenative syntax; concatenation composes functions and data
K - K, by Arthur Whitney, is a propretary collection-oriented programming language (see also its companion Kdb, a DBMS written in K) descendant of APL and A+ with some
Kaleidoscope - A constraints imperative object-oriented programming language
Kevo - A Forth-like concatenative prototype-based object-oriented programming language by Antero Taivalsaari
kew - A Scheme-like object-oriented programming language with SmallTalk syntax, closures and collections
Kiev - Kiev is a programming language with a prolog-like engine, multimethods, parametrized types, closures, arithmetic types, type states and cases
Kipple - Kipple is an esoteric programming language
Kogut - Kogut is a programming language
Lambda Prolog - An extension of the Prolog logic programming language to support simply-typed lambda expressions and some higher-order quantification
Lava - An experimental component-, pattern- and object-oriented programming language with parameterized ("virtual") types; the Lava programming environment (LavaPE) supports refactoring and provides a user interface with syntax-sensitive point-and-click style structure editors instead of text editors for program editing
Lemon - Lemon is a functional programming language based on typed lambda calculus with inductive and coinductive types
LENS - An object-oriented programming language based on mixin inheritance semantics, object-based inheritance, and late binding at http://prog.vub.ac.be/poolresearch/lens/contents.html, or see also its FTP area
Libra - A Lazy Interpreter of Binary Relational Algebra, a programming language described from the author Barry Dwyer's home page, written in Prolog
LIFE - From CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository:
Limbo - The distributed systems programming language of Inferno
Linda - Linda is a programming language from David Gelernter at Yale for parallel programming
Lisp - The family of functional programming languages inspired by John McCarthy's original notation for computations, later becoming Lisp 1.5, MacLisp, InterLisp, and some of the more modern implementations
LOGO - LOGO is a programming language, dialect of Lisp, developed as a tool for learning
LoI - LoI is an acronym for "Language of Interaction"
LUA - Lua is an embeddable programming language library to extend your programs, with the idea of offering only a few "meta-mechanisms" for creating domain-specific languages to give flexibility
M4 - m4 is a powerful (Turing-equivalent, unlike CPP) macro-expansion
Mathematica - Mathematica is a scientific calculation package, which contains a Computer Algebra System, developed by Wolfram Research
Maude - A reflective equational rewrite logic programming language in the OBJ Family of executable specification languages
Mercury - Mercury is a logic programming language more declarative than Prolog
MetaML - A higher-order extension of the ML functional programming language for staged metaprogramming, implemented on SML/NJ at OGI university
Mica - Formerly known as Poe/Cool++, a rewrite/refactoring/revisiting in C++ of the persistent-object shared-programmer MOO-like system CoolMUD
Mila - Mila is a programming language
ML - An acronym for Meta Language (originally for the theorem prover LCF) is a class of non-lazy, statically-typed, statically-compiled, pattern-matching functional programming languages
Moby - A class-based object-oriented programming language with support for higher-order concurrency
Modula-2 - A programming language successor of Pascal, also designed by Prof
Modula-3 - Modula-3 is the successor of Modula-2+, itself an evolution of Prof
Moostrap - An acronym for Mini Object-Oriented System Towards Reflective Architectures for Programming: a prototype-based object-oriented programming language with behavioral reflection
Morphe - A constraints-based object-oriented programming language supporting situated knowledge
Mozart/Oz - A two-layered system, consisting of:
MultiJava - MultiJava is an extension to the Java programming language that adds open classes and symmetric multiple dispatch
MUMPS - MUMPS is a general purpose (special adaptations for database use especially for sparse arrays) programming language developed in the mid 1960s at Massachusets General Hospital for medical database applications such as Admission/Discharge/Tracking
Napier88 - Napier88 is a reflective programming language and system with orthogonal persistence from University of St Andrews
NCL - Natural Constraint Language
Needle - An object-oriented functional programming language with static typing with type inference, multiple-dispatch, parametrized modules, and optional keyword arguments
NESL - A collection-oriented parallel functional programming language
NetCLOS - A portable concurrent actor extension of the object-oriented programming language CLOS, itself an extension of Common Lisp
NeXeme - A programming language, a distributed Scheme based on Nexus
NIAL - An acronym for Nested Interactive Array Language, a collection-oriented programming language
O'Haskell - A conservative extension of the functional programming language Haskell, providing better subtyping and direct support for monads
Oberon - (now system 3, with the older V4 still available) is the latest modular OO programming language by Nicklaus Wirth (the author of Pascal and Modula-2)
Obix - Obix is a programming language
OBJ Family - From the homepage (see below), Introduction:
OBJ3 - An algebraic specification and programming language member of the OBJ Family
Objective-C - An object-oriented programming language variant of the C language
Obliq - A distributed object-oriented programming language by Luca Cardelli, implemented on Modula-3
OCAML - Objective CAML, the object-oriented, concurrent variation of the ML functional programming language
Opal - The Opal project, yet another distributed single (wide) address space (SAS) OS with page-level protection, implemented on top of Mach on Alphas
OpenC++ - OpenC++, aka OpenCPP, is a programming language, a version of C++
OpenJava - OpenJava is an extensible programming language based on Java, with a
Orca - Orca is a programming language for distributed computing, codeveloped with the Amoeba distributed OS
Otto - Otto e Mezzo, aka 8 1/2, is a collection-oriented programming language
Pascal - Pascal was a toy programming language written by Professor Nicklaus Wirth to teach how to compile computer languages on small machines of the early 1970's
Path - An esoteric programming language that combines the simplicity of Brainfuck with the fun of Befunge
Perfect - A commercial proprietary programming language from EscherTech that involves programming by contract
Perl - As the name "Practical Extraction and Report Language" coins out, Perl is a
Phantom - A programming language for distributed programmming
PHP - The "Visual Basic" of open source
Piccola - From its home page (see below):
Pike - The programming language formerly known as uLPC, supporting multiple paradigms, including functional, object-oriented, and aspect-oriented programming
Pilot - Acronym for Programmed Inquiry, Learning, Or Teaching language
Pizza - An extension to the Java programming language supporting generics, first-class functions, and algebraic data types with pattern-matching
PJ - An acronym for Pictorial Janus, a visual concurrent constraints programming language based on Janus
PL/I - In short, PL/I is a crazy old programming language
Pliant - A Free reflective programming language and environment
Pluk - Pluk is a programming language
Plurix - An integrated environment (OS/programming language combination) based on Java with a custom native code compiler for x86, an orthogonal persistent Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) for PC clusters, with a consistency model based on restartable transactions coupled with an optimistic synchronization scheme
POP - A family of programming languages: POP-1, POP-2, POP-10, POP-11, POP++, POP-9X, POPLOG
POP-11 - A programming language in the POP family
Poplog - An integrated, interactive, multi-language (see Combining Languages) software development environment, providing incremental compilers for several powerful programming languages: POP-11, PROLOG, Common Lisp and Standard ML
PostScript - PostScript, is a programming language designed to express vector graphic computations for laser printers to render pages
Prolog - Programming in logic is a programming language based on Horn-Clause logic (not even full first-order logic)
Prothon - Prothon is a prototype-based programming language based on Python
Python - Python is an object-oriented, strictly, dynamically typed, lexically-scoped programming language
Q - An eQuational functional programming language based on term rewrite
Q shell - An unmaintained collection-oriented programming language built for a dissertation which was designed for both compilation to C++ as well as interactive use as a Unix shell
Qi - A functional programming language that is a mix of Common Lisp and Prolog
R - A collection-oriented programming language and environment for statistical computing and graphics
Ravi - An open platform for applications constructed from source modules, dynamically loaded into a shell and written in different programming languages (currently supported are C, C++, Scheme, Prolog, and an OPS-style production system language)
RbCl - From its home-page:
Real-Time Maude - A programming language and tool, based on Maude, supporting the formal specification and analysis of real-time and hybrid systems, with an execution environment for a real-time extension of the Actor model
REBOL - REBOL (Relative Expression-Based Object Language) is a programming language
REFAL - REFAL REcursive Functions Algorithmic Language, an AI programming language by Valentin F. Turchin
RELFUN - The RELational-FUNctional programming language
REXX - A programming language, by Mike Cowlishaw, that has had some success as a scripting language and/or glue for various functionality among OS/2 and Amiga users
RPG - Report Program Generator, a family (RPG, RPG II, RPG III, RPG IV, RPG/400) of business oriented programming languages popular on IBM minicomputers, the System/3X series (S/34, S/36, S/38) of the late '70s - early '80s and successor series, the AS/400
RPL - RPL ("Reverse Polish LISP") is the programming language from HP 28/48
RPL/2 - A programming language derived from RPL
Ruby - A interpreted object-oriented programming language based on the concepts of Smalltalk while being oriented to command-line processing almost exclusively, so it has a terse punctuation-style syntax with libraries centered around text-processing and Unix shell functionality
SAC - SAC, or Single-Assignment C, is a collection-oriented functional programming language with the C language's syntax, especially designed for highly optimized parallel intensive numerical computations
Salsa - An acronym for Simple Actor Language and System Architecture: a distributed actor-based programming language with syntax similar to Java's, while also running on the JVM platform
Sather - Sather is an object-oriented programming language
Scala - A statically-typed object-oriented and functional programming language based on classes and traits-based mixin composition from the object side, and higher-order functions, local type inference, and pattern-matching from the functional side
Scheme - Scheme is a functional programming language, dialect of Lisp with two distinguishing features: it is small and tries to be clean
Screamer - From General Screamer Information:
Sebyla - Sebyla is a C#-like programming language using capability principles
SED - Stream EDitor - a stream-oriented non-interactive text editor and programming language
Self - A pure prototype-based Object-Oriented programming language in the Smalltalk family, based on very simple concepts which allow efficient implementations
SETL - A set-based (collection-oriented) programming language
Sheep - A programming language by Wouter van Oortmerssen
Sigil - Sigil - Simplicity Itself Generates Interesting Languages - interpreted object-oriented programming language
Simkin - Simkin is a simple interpreted programming language that can be placed within data files, including XML or within databases
Simula - SIMULA was the first object-oriented programming language
Sina - A concurrent object-oriented programming language demonstrating the Composition Filters Object Model (CFOM), developed at the University of Twente
Sisal - Sisal is a pure functional programming language that beats FORTRAN
Slate - An object-oriented programming language based on Smalltalk syntax, prototype-based object system, and multi-method dispatch, by Brian T. Rice and Lee Salzman
Small C - Small C is a C language subset, a minimal programming language
Smalltalk - Smalltalk is a class-based OO programming language
SNUSP - An esoteric programming language, a Path reversion
Socrates - Socrates is a programming language embedded in PLT Scheme, which extends predicate dispatching with aspect-oriented programming features
SPARCL - From its home page (see below):
SR - A programming language designed for writing concurrent and possibly distributed programs
Stacker - A Forth-like programming language used as a demonstration on how to develop for LLVM
Stella language - A strongly typed Lisp-dialect: a programming language with Lisp-style symbolic programming with delivery in Common Lisp, C++ and Java
Stratego - Stratego is a programming language for program transformation through rewrite rules
TCL - TCL is a logically challenged interpreted
TOM - An object-oriented programming language similar to Objective-C with multiple inheritance and metaprogramming capabilities
Tps - An acronym for Tiny/Transportable Postscript, a Postscript-like programming language with all of the graphics operators removed and Heterogeneous State Transportability: the ability to interrupt-migrate-resume a computation (even on a different machine architecture/OS) conceived to programming Agents
TRAC - TRAC "
TXL - An hybrid functional / rule-based programming language with unification, implied iteration and deep pattern-matching specifically designed to support computer software analysis and source code transformation tasks
Unicon - A very high level, goal-directed, object-oriented, general purpose programming language, the Unified Extended Dialect of Icon
Universal Binary Format - A programming language for transporting and describing complex data structures across a network (aka marshalling)
Unlambda - unlambda is a torture of a programming language invented by David Madore
Upper/Mute - See David Krauss's home page which links to http://uppermute.org, at last up and running (previous http://www.rebelution.net/upper/ and google's cached page seem to work no longer)
Vault - A programming language of the C language family for security research
Visual BASIC - A Microsoft Programming Language favored by developers for its ease of use (often billed as Rapid Application Development or RAD capabilities)
Visula - Visula is a visual programming language
Xanadu language - An imperative programming language with dependent types
XL - The programming language for the Mozart framework
XY - A concatenative programming language
Zpl - A collection-oriented programming language, with an Algol-like syntax, designed for fast execution on both sequential and parallel computers; it compiles to ANSI C with calls to the user's choice of communication library, including that based on the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard
{log} - A set-oriented (collection-oriented) programming language

Pages in this topic: Pattern Languages TAL

Also linked from: Actor CLiki Content Collection-Oriented Combining Languages Declarative Dependent Types Design Pattern Eugenio Moggi Free Compilers Catalog Functional and Object-Oriented index Lambda Calculus Languages ToDo Meta-System Transition Nicklaus Wirth Paradigm Programming Language prototype-based Review Scope Site Map Text Formatting TUNES HLL Virtual Machine Wouter van Oortmerssen Yarrow